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A
Abramov, A.V. (2024). Wolverine Gulo gulo (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Hackländer, K., Zachos, F.E. (eds) Handbook of the Mammals of Europe. Handbook of the Mammals of Europe. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65038-8_126-1
Addison, E. M., and B. Boles. 1978. Helminth parasites of the wolverine (Gulo gulo) from the District of Mackenzie, Northwest Territories, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology 56:2241-2242.
Allen, A. W. 1987. The relationship between habitat and furbearers. Pages 164-179 in M. Novak, J. A. Baker, and M. E. Obbard, editors. Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario, Canada.
Allen, G. M. 1972. Extinct and vanishing mammals of the western hemisphere with the marine species of all the oceans. Special Publ. No. 11, Cooper Square Publishers Inc., New York: 620 pp.
Álvarez-Lao, D.J., and N. García. 2010. Chronological distribution of Pleistocene cold-adapted large mammal faunas in the Iberian Peninsula. Quaternary International 212: 20–128.
Anderson, E. 1977. Pleistocene mustelidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Fairbanks, Alaska. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology: 148: 1-21.
Anderson, N. J., and K. E. Aune. 2008. Fecundity of female wolverine in Montana. Intermountain Journal of Science 14(1-3):17-30.
Anderson, R. A. 1946. Catalogue of Canadian recent mammals. Ottawa, In: National Museum of Canada. Bulletin No. 102. Biological Series No. 31.
Andrén, H., J. Persson, J. Mattisson, and A. C. Danell. 2011. Modelling the combined effect of an obligate predator and a facultative predator on a common prey: lynx (Lynx lynx) and wolverine (Gulo gulo) predation on reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Wildlife Biology 17:33-43.
Anelli, F. 1941. Un importante reporto di (Gulo gulo L). Nella grotta di Castagnavizza. Grotte Italia: 4: 92-118.
Anonymous. 1944. Wolverine in Ohio? Yes, and now it’s a museum piece. Ohio Cons. Bull.: 8(6): 10.
Anonymous. 1946. The wolverine in Colorado. Colo. Cons. Comments: 9(1): 22.
Anonymous. 1947. Wolverines at the Detroit Zoological Park. Your Zoo: No. 2.
Anonymous. 1954. Predator Control Annual Report. U.S. Dep. Inter. (FWS), Branch of Predator & Rodent Control, Alaska District.
Anonymous. 1974. Wolverine status. US Dep. Int. Fish and Wildlife Service unpubl. rep.: 10 pp.
Anonymous. 1979. Wolverines reported in Colorado. High Country News: 11(6): 9.
Anonymous. ? A wolverine taken in cascades. Oregon State Game Comm. Bull. ?: ?
Anthony, H. E. 1928. Field book of North American mammals. B. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York. 674 pp.
Armstrong, D. M. 1972. Distribution of mammals in Colorado. Univ. of Kansas Museum of Natural History. 1-415.
Arnemo, J. M., P. Dypsund, F. Berntsen, J. Schulze, S. J. Wedul, B. Ranheim, and L. G. Lundstein. 1998. Implantation of intraperitoneale radiotransmitters in brown bears (Ursus arctos), wolverines (Gulo gulo) and lynx (Lynx lynx): anesthetic and surgical procedures for field use [abstract]. Proceedings of the 47th Annual Conference of the Wildlife Disease Association; 10-13 August 1998; Madison, WI, USA: 115.
Arnemo, J. M., R. Andersen, J. Persson, P. Segerström, and B. Ranheim. 2003. Biomedical Protocol for Free-ranging Wolverines (Gulo gulo) in Scandinavia. The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Tromsø, Norway. Yearly Update: 06/09/2003.
Arnemo, J. M., R. Andersen, J. Persson, P. Segerström, and B. Ranheim. 2004. Biomedical Protocol for Free-ranging Wolverines (Gulo gulo) in Scandinavia. The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Tromsø, Norway. Yearly Update: 03/24/2004.
Arnemo, J. M., P. Ahlqvist, R. Andersen, F. Berntsen, G. Ericsson, J. Odden, S. Brunberg, P. Segerström, and J. E. Swenson. 2006. Risk of capture-related mortality in large free-ranging mammals: experiences from Scandinavia. Wildl. Biol. 12: 109-113.
Arnemo, J. M., Å. Fahlman, P. Ahlqvist, R. Andersen, H. Andrén, S. Brunberg, A. Landa, O. Liberg, J. Odden, J. Persson, P. Segerström, and J. E. Swenson. 2007. Biomedical Protocols for Free-ranging Brown Bears, Gray Wolves, Wolverines and Lynx. The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Tromsø, Norway. Yearly Update: 08/21/2007.
Arnemo, J. M., Å. Fahlman, P. Ahlqvist, R. Andersen, H. Andrén, S. Brunberg, Ø. Høgseth, A. Landa, O. Liberg, K. Madslien, J. Odden, J. D. C. Linnell, J. Persson, P. Segerström, T. Strømseth, and J. E. Swenson. 2008. Biomedical Protocols for Free-ranging Brown Bears, Gray Wolves, Wolverines and Lynx. Hedmark University College, Evenstad, Norway, and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden. Yearly Update: 03/31/2008.
Arnemo, J. M., A. Evans, Ǻ. Fahlman, P. Ahlqvist, H. Andrén, S. Brunberg, Ø. Liberg, J. D. C. Linnell, J. Odden, J. Persson, H. Sand, P. Segerström, K. Sköld, T. Strømseth, O. Støen, J. E. Swenson, and P. Wabakken. 2011. Biomedical Protocols for Free-ranging Brown Bears, Wolves, Wolverines and Lynx. Hedmark University College, Evenstad, Norway, and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden. Yearly Update: 01/03/2011.
Arnemo, J. M., and A. L. Evans. 2017. Biomedical protocols for free-ranging brown bears, wolverines and lynx. Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad. 16 pp.
Arnesen, M. L. 2016. Use of experimental bait sites by wolverines. Master’s thesis, Høgskolen i Telemark.
Aronsson, M. 2009. Territorial dynamics of female wolverines. M.S. Thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan. 40 pp.
Aronsson, M., and J. Persson. 2016. Mismatch between goals and scale of actions constrains adaptive carnivore management: the case of the wolverine in Sweden. Animal Conservation. doi: 10.1111/acv.12310
Aronsson, M. 2017. ‘O neighbor, where art thou?’ Spatial and social dynamics in wolverine and lynx, from individual space use to population distribution. Doctoral Thesis. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
Aronsson, M., and J. Persson. 2018. Female breeding dispersal in wolverines, a solitary carnivore with high territorial fidelity. European Journal of Wildlife Research 64(7): 1-10.
Aronsson, M., H. Andrén, M. Low, and J. Persson. 2023. Wolverine denning behaviour and its implications for monitoring reproductive females. Wildlife Biology 2023(4):https://doi.org/10.1002/wlb3.01079
Aubry, K. B., K. S. McKelvey, and J. P. Copeland. 2007. Distribution and broadscale habitat relations of the wolverine in the contiguous United States. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:2147-2158.
Aubry, K.B., J. Rohrer, C.M. Raley, E.C. Lofroth, and S. Fitkin. 2011. 2011 annual report, North Cascades wolverine study. U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Olympia, Washington, USA. 44pp.
Aubry, K.B., J. Rohrer, C.M. Raley, R. Weir, and S. Fitkin. 2012. North Cascades wolverine study – project update May 16, 2012. U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Olympia, Washington, USA. 2pp.
Audubon, J. J., and J. Bachman. 1849. The quadrupeds of North America. GR Lockwood, N.Y. Vol. 1: 383 pp.
Austin, M. 1998. Wolverine winter travel routes and response to transportation corridors in Kicking Horse Pass between Yoho and Banff National Parks. Thesis, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Awan, M., and J. Boulanger. 2016. Estimates of wolverine density from mark-capture DNA sampling, Aberdeen Lake, Kivalliq Region, Nunavut, 2013-2014. Government of Nunavut Department of Environment, Canada.
B
Bachman, D., G. Gadwa, and C. Groves. 1990. A winter survey for wolverines (Gulo gulo) on the Sawtooth and Challis National Forests, Idaho. Challenge Cost Share Rep. to Sawtooth and Challis Natl. For., Idaho Dep. Fish and Game, Boise. 29 pp.
Bachrach, M. 1946. Fur. Prentice-Hall, Inc.: New York.: 672 pp.
Bailey, T. N. 1981. Factors influencing furbearer populations and harvest on the Kenai National Moose Range, Alaska. J. A. Chapman and D. Pursley eds., Worldwide Furbearer Conference Proc. 249-272.
Bailey, T. N. 1987. Kenai National Wildlife Refuge Wolverine Feasibility Study. Project#: 74525-1261-211-88: Kenai National Wildlife Refuge files; proposal.
Bailey, V. 1980. The mammals and life zones of Oregon. North American Fauna 55: 416 pp.
Ballard, W. B., A. W. Franzmann, and C. L. Gardner. 1982. Comparison and assessment of drugs used to immobilize Alaskan gray wolves (Canis lupus) and wolverines (Gulo gulo) from a helicopter. J. Wildl. Dis.: 18:339-342.
Banci, V. A. 1982. A bibliography on the wolverine (Gulo gulo). Research, Minist. of Environ. and For. IWIFR-9. Victoria, B.C. 53pp.
Banci, V. A. 1982. The wolverine in British Columbia: distribution, methods of determining age and status of (Gulo gulo vancouverensis). Minist. of Environ. and For. IWIFR-15. Victoria, B. C. 90 pp.
Banci, V. A. 1984. Management of Yukon wolverine. Paper presented to Annual Yukon Trapper’s Association Meeting: Whitehorse, Yukon: April, 1984.
Banci, V. A. 1987. Ecology and behavior of wolverine in Yukon. M.S. Thesis, Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver. 178pp.
Banci, V. A, and A. S. Harestad. 1988. Reproduction and natality of wolverine (Gulo gulo) in Yukon. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 25: 265-270.
Banci, V. A, and A. S. Harestad. 1990. Home range and habitat use of wolverines (Gulo gulo) in Yukon, Canada. Holarctic Ecol. 13: 195-200.
Banci, V. 1994. Wolverine. Pages 99–127 in L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, L. J. Lyon, and W. J. Zielinski, editors. The scientific basis for conserving forest carnivores: American marten, fisher, lynx, and wolverine in the western United States. USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Tech. Report RM-254, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Bandy, P. J. 1952. A study of the furbearing mammals of the subalpine and Columbia forest regions of British Columbia in relation to fur production from 1929 to 1949. B.A. Thesis, Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver: 82 pp.
Banfield, A. W. F. 1950. The mammals of Waterton Lakes National Park. Canadian Wildl. Service, Wildl. Mgmt. Bull. Ser. 1, No. 1: 1-54.
Banfield, A., and J. S. Tener. 1958. A preliminary study of the Ungava caribou. J. of Mammalogy: 39: 560-573.
Banfield, A. 1987. The mammals of Canada. Univ. of Toronto Press, Toronto. 438 pp.
Bangs, E. E., and T. N. Bailey. 1987. Furbearer and trapper management on the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. Abstract, pg. 19 in B. Townsend, ed. Fourth Northern Furbearer Conference, Alaska Dept. Fish and Game.
Barandiarán, I. 1974. El glotón (Gulo gulo L.) en el arte Paleolítico” in Zephyrus: Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología 25: 177–91, Universidad de Salamanca, ISSN: 0514-7336.
Barker, M. S. Jr., and T. L. Best. 1976. The wolverine (Gulo luscus )in Nevada. Southwest Nat. 21: 133.
Barrueto, M., M. A. Sawaya, and A.P. Clevenger. 2020. Low wolverine (Gulo gulo) density in a national park complex of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Canadian Journal of Zoology, published on the web 16 February 2020. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0165
Baryshnikov, G. F., O. R. P. Bininda-Emonds, and A. Abramov. 2003. Morphological variability and evolution of the baculum (os penis) in mustelidae (carnivora). Journal of Mammalogy 84:673-690.
Bateman, H., L.K. McCaw, J.L. Sequin, W.S. Swanson, A.E. Revas, R. Boonstra, G.F. Mastromonaco, and M.A. Scrafford. 2023. Assessing reproduction in wolverines (Gulo gulo): Fecal progesterone levels in zoo and wild females. Theriogenology Wild 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.therwi.2023.100054
Becker, E. F. 1991. A terrestrial furbearer estimator based on probability sampling. J. Wildl. Manage. 55: 730-737.
Becker, E. F., H. N. Golden, and C. L. Gardner. 2004. Using probability sampling of animal tracks in snow to estimate population size. Pages 248-270 in W. L. Thompson, editor. Sampling rare or elusive species: concepts and techniques for estimating population parameters. Island Press, Washington, D. C., USA.
Beddard, F. E. 1895. On the brain of Gulo. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 63:139-142.
Bee, J. W., and E. R. Hall. 1956. Mammals of northern Alaska. Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.: Misc. Publ. No. 8.
Beebe, W. 1940. Wolverines and men. N.Y. Zool. Soc. Bull.: 43 (2): 54-59.
Begouen, H. N., and D. F. E. Koby. 1950. Le crane de Glouton de la caverne des 9Trois-Freres (Ariege). Prehist., Seeleol. Ariegeoises: 5: 49-68.
Behm, U. 1953. Aufzucht von vielfraßen. Der Zoologische Garten. Band 20:77-81.
Beidleman, R. G. 1956. An early record of the wolverine in western Nebraska. J. Mammal. 37: 445-446.
Bekoff, M. 1989. Behavioral development of terrestrial carnivores. Pp. 89-124 in Gittleman (1989) Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution.:Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
Bell, D. 2010. Michigan’s lone wolverine died of natural causes. Detroit Free Press. 6 April 2010. Retrieved from http://www.freep.com/article/20100406/NEWS06/100406039/1001/NEWS/Michigans-lone-wolverine-died-of-natural-causes-experts-say
Bellomy, M. D. 1954. Animal gangster. American Mercury: 79: 19-20.
Bevanger, K. 1992. Report on the Norwegian wolverine (Gulo gulo L.).). Small Carnivore Conservation. 6: 8-10.
Bezdek, H. 1942. Studies on the nematode Saboliphyme baturini Petrow, 1930. Trans. Am. Micr. Soc.: 61:398-403.
Biese, W. 1936. Geological age of glutton remains. Seitschr. Saugetierk. 11: 319-320.
Billings, E. 1856. The wolverine. Can. Nat. Geol.: 1: 341-346.
Billy, P. 1991. Carcajou (Le Mal Aime). Foret Conservation, Fevrier: Pages 22-25.
Biodiversity Legal Foundation. 1994. The North American Wolverine (Gulo gulo luscus). Biodiversity Legal Foundation, Boulder, CO:66 pp. + maps. Petition for a Rule to list the North American Wolverine, (Gulo gulo luscus), as “threatened” or “endangered” in the conterminous United States under the Endangered Species Act, 16 U.S.C. Sec. 1531 et seq. (1973) as amended.
Birney, E. C. 1974. Twentieth century records of wolverine in Minnesota. Loon. 46: 78-81.
Bischof, R., E. R. Gregersen, H. Brøseth, H. Ellegren, and Ø. Flagstad. 2016. Noninvasive genetic sampling reveals intrasex territoriality in wolverines. Ecology and Evolution 6:5, 1527-1536.
Bishop, R. H., and R. A. Rausch. 1974. Moose population fluctuations in Alaska 1950-1972. Naturaliste Can.: 101: 559-593.
Bjärvall, A., R. Franzén, and E. Nilsson. 1978. Järven-enstöring i norr. Forskning och Framsteg 1:21-28. [In Swedish.]
Bjärvall, A. 1980. Flygburna forskare foljer jarvens vandringar over Alaskas tundra. Svensk Jakt. pp. 34-37.
Bjärvall, A. 1981. Bears, martens, wolverines and ancient forests. Sveriges Nat. Arsb.: 72: 78-80.
Bjärvall, A. 1982. A study of the wolverine female during the denning period. Transactions of the International Congress of Game Biologists 14:315-322.
Bjärvall, A., and A. Magoun. 1984. Wolverine. In: The Encyclopedia of Mammals (MacDonald D. ed.): Equinox (Oxford) Ltd.
Bjärvall, A., and R. Franzén. 1986. Wolverine kills golden eagle. Fauna Flora, Stockholm:81 (6): 205-206. In Norwegian with English summary.
Bjärvall, A. 1989. Still uncertain for the four. Sveriges Natur. Naturskyddsforeningens Tidskrift: 80(3): 2-9.
Bjärvall, A. ? A survey of the Swedish wolverine population. XII Congress of the Intern. Union of Game Biologists: Unpubl. Manuscript.
Bjärvall, A., S. Danielsson, R. Franzén, and P. Segerstrom. ? Experiences with the first radio-collared wolverines in Sweden. Paper presented at a symposium?, Swedish Environment Protection Agency, Solna: 14 pp.
Blair, N. 1971. A shadow in the wilderness. Wyo. Wildl.: 35 (1): 8-11.
Blomqvist, L., and H. O. Larsson. 1990. Breeding the wolverine: Gulo gulo in Scandinavian zoos. International Zoo Yearbook 29:156-163.
Blomqvist, L. 2001. Management of captive wolverines Gulo gulo in Europe: studbook and guidelines to husbandry. Volume 2, European Association of Zoos and Aquaria. VTT-Grafiska, Vimmerby, Sweden.
Boles, B. K. 1975. Background study for furbearer management in the Mackenzie Valley, N.W.T. Unpubl. Report; Environmental-Social Program, Northern Pipelines, Task Force on Northern Oil Development:229 pp. (abstract).
Boles, B. K. 1977. Predation by wolves on wolverines. Can. Field-Nat. 91: 68-69.
Bolis, J. S. 2013. Factors affecting the quantity and quality of Argos telemetry locations for wolverines in the northern Cascade Range in Washington. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
Boman, M. 1995. Estimating costs and genetic benefits of various sizes of predator populations: the case of bear, wolf, wolverine and lynx in Sweden. Journal of Environmental Management 43:349-357.
Bonamy, M., A. B. Harbicht., and T. M. Herrmann. 2019. Children’s perception of wolverine in the North Slave Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. Arctic: Journal of the Arctic Institute of North America, 72(3), pp. 229-244.
Bowman, J., J. C. Ray, A. Magoun, D. S. Johnson, and F. N. Dawson. 2010. Roads, logging, and the large-mammal community of an eastern Canadian boreal forest. Can. J. Zool. Vol. 88: 454-467.
Bradbury, S., and J. Fisher. 2007. Wolverine abundance and habitat use in the Rocky Mountain parks of Central Alberta, Canada: year-end report 2006-2007. Alberta Research Council, Vegreville, Alberta, Canada.
Brandly, P. J., and R. Rausch. 1950. A preliminary note on trichinosis investigation in Alaska. Arctic, v. 3, no. 2 Aug.: p. 105-107.
Bridger, M.C., C. J. Johnson, and M. P. Gillingham. 2016. Assessing cumulative impacts of forest development on the distribution of furbearers using expert-based habitat modeling. Ecological Applications. Accepted Author Manuscript. doi: 10.1890/15-0555
Brock, B.L., R.M. Inman, K.H. Inman, A.J. McCue, M.L. Packila, and B. Giddings. 2007. Chapter 2: Broad-scale wolverine habitat in the conterminous Rocky Mountain states. In Greater Yellowstone Wolverine Program, Cumulative Report, May 2007. Wildlife Conservation Society, Ennis, Montana, USA.
Brodie, J.F., and E. Post. 2010a. Nonlinear responses of wolverine populations to declining winter snowpack. Population Ecology 52: 279-287.
Brodie, J. F., and E. Post. 2010b. Wolverine and declining snowpack: response to comments. Population Ecology, published online 29 September, 2010.
Brøseth, H., Ø. Flagstad, C. Wärdig, M. Johansson, and H. Ellegren. 2010. Large-scale noninvasive genetic monitoring of wolverines using scats reveals density dependent survival. Biological Conservation 143:113-120.
Brøseth, H., M. Tovmo, and R. Andersen. 2011. Yngleregistreringer av jerv i Norge i 2011. NINA Rapport, 757. Trondheim: Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). 26 pp. [In Norwegian.]
Brøseth, H., M. Tovmo, and R. Andersen. 2012. Yngleregistreringer av jerv i Norge i 2012. NINA Rapport, 898. Trondheim: Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). 26 pp. [In Norwegian.]
Bruce, P., and S. Weick. 1973. Wolverine, fisher, and marten occurrence and winter movements in northwestern California. Calif. Dep. Fish and Game unpubl. report: 4 pp. + maps.
Bryant, H. N. 1987. Wolverine from the Pleistocene of the Yukon: evolutionary trends and taxonomy of (Gulo) (Carnivora: Mustelidae). Can. Jour. of Earth Sci. 24: 654-663.
Buckley, J. L. 1954. Animal population fluctuations in Alaska — a history. Trans. 19th N. Am. Wildl. Conf.: Pp. 338-357.
Buhler, K.J., G. Samelius, R. Alisauskas, and E. Jenkins. 2024. What does the fox say? Arctic fox vocalization and associated den behaviours 43, 9430, http://dx.doi.org/10.33265/polar.v43.9430
Bujnáková, D., G.M.J. Lansink, A.V. Abramov, T. Bulyonkova, N.E. Dokuchaev, T. Domanov, M.G. Dvornikov, A. Graphodatsky, E. Karabanina, S. Kliver, A.N. Korolev, V.V. Kozhechkin, Y.N. Litvinov, N. Mamaev, V.G. Monakhov, O. Nanova, I. Okhlopkov, A.P. Saveljev, A. Schinov, E. Shiriaeva, M. Sidorov, K.F. Tirronen, E.S. Zakharov, N.N. Zakharova, J. Aspi, and L. Kvist. 2024. Expanding from local to continental scale—A genetic assessment of the Eurasian wolverine. Diversity and Distributions, 30, e13846. https://doi.
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Bull, E. L., K. B. Aubry, and B. C. Wales. 2001. Effects of disturbance on forest carnivores of conservation concern in eastern Oregon and Washington. Northwest Science 75:180-184.
Bulmer, M. G. 1974. A statistical analysis of the 10-year cycle in Canada. J. Animal Ecol.: 43:701-718.
Bulmer, M. G. 1975. Phase relations in the ten-year cycle. J. Animal Ecol.: 44: 611-620.
Burkholder, B. 1952. Annual Predator Control Report, Brooks Range, Alaska. USFWS, Alaska District: 26-32 + map.
Burkholder, B. 1953. Caribou predation by wolverine. Memorandum to MW Kelly, USFWS, Juneau.
Burkholder, B. 1962. Observations concerning wolverine. J. Mammal. 43: 263-264.
Burns, B. 1973. Trapper education series: wolverine. Prov. of Manitoba Dep. of Mines, Res. Envir. Mgmt.: 2 pp.brochure.
Burns, J. J. 1970. Remarks on the distribution and natural history of pagophilic pinnipeds in the Bering and Chukchi seas. J. Mamm.: 51(3): 445-454.
Burt, W. H., and R. P. Grossenhiedner. 1976. A field guide to the mammals. Houghton-Mifflin Co.: Boston: 289 pp.
Buskirk, S. W., P. F. A. Maderson, and R. M. O’Conner. 1986. Plantar glands in North American Mustelidae. Pages 617-622 in D. Duvall, D. Muller-Schwarze, and R. M. Silverstein eds. Chemical signals in vertebrates IV. Plenum Press, New York.
Buskirk, S. W., and S. L. Lindstedt. 1989. Sex biases in trapped samples of mustelids. J. Mamm.: 70(1): 88-97.
Butts, T. W. 1992. Wolverine (Gulo gulo) biology and management:A literature review and annotated bibliography. US Forest Service: 106 pp. Cited in Biodiversity Legal Foundation.
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Cahn, A. R. 1937. Mammals of the Quetico Provincial Park of Ontario. J. mammal.: 18: 19-29.
Cain, J. 1994. Magnetic Northerner. BBC Wildlife. Vol. 12, No. 12: Pp.14-22.
Cain, J. 1996. Field observations of Wolverine (Gulo gulo luscus) in eastern Talkeetna Mountains, south-central Alaska. Small Carnivore Conservation. No. 14: Pp. 11.
Cain, J. 1998. Wolverine. Mammal News. No. 15: Pp. 10-11.
Cain, J. 2001. Alaskan travelogue: Wolverines. Mammal News. No. 127: Pp. 8
Cain, J. 2004. Observations on wild Wolverine (Gulo gulo gulo) in north east Finland. Small Carnivore Conservation. No. 30: Pp. 14-15.
Cain, J. 2005. Dances with wolverines. Mammal Society. Spring 2005. No. 141: Pg 7
Cain, J. 2005. European Studbook for Wolverines, Gulo g. gulo. Encouraging Natural Behaviour in Captive Wolverines. PP. 12‐ 19. Vol: 3. Nordens Ark. Sweden.
Cain, J. and A. Leinonen. May 2006. BBC Wildlife Magazine. Finland’s Wolverines. PP.16‐ 25.
California Department of Fish and Game. 1978. At the Crossroads 1978. A report on California’s endangered and rare fish and wildlife. Cal. Dep. Fish and Game, Sacramento: 114 pp.
Canadian Fur Industry. 1966. Report on the status of Canadian wildlife used by the fur industry. Dep. Industry, Trade and Commerce: Ottawa.
Canivenc, R., and M. Bonnin-Laffargue. 1963. Inventory of problems raised by the delayed ova implantation in the European badger (Meles meles L.). Enders (ed.) Delayed Implantation, Univ. Chicago Press: P. 115-12
Cardinal, N. 2004a. Aboriginal traditional knowledge and the COSEWIC species assessment process: a case study of northern Canada wolverines. Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. 98pp.
Cardinal, N. 2004b. Aboriginal traditional knowledge COSEWIC status report on wolverine Gulo gulo Qavvik. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. 40p.
Carl, G. C., and G. A. Hardy. 1944. Flora and fauna of the Paradise Mine area British Columbia. Rep. Prov. Mus. Nat. Hist. and Anthro., 1944. Victoria: Pages C18-19.
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Carroll, J. E. 1968-1969. Fisher, marten, wolverine. Conservationist: 23: 31-32, 36-37
Casey, T. M., P. C. Withers, and K. K. Casey. 1979. Metabolic and respiratory responses of Arctic Animals to ambient temperature during the summer. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.: 64A: 331-342.
Cegelski, C. C., L. P. Waits, and N. J. Anderson. 2003. Assessing population structure and gene flow in Montana wolverines (Gulo gulo) using assignment-based approaches. Molecular Ecology 12:2907-2918.
Cegelski, C. C., L. P. Waits, N. J. Anderson, O. Flagstad, C. Strobeck, and C. J. Kyle. 2006. Genetic diversity and population structure of wolverine (Gulo gulo) populations at the southern edge of their current distribution in North America with implications for genetic viability. Conservation Genetics 7:197-211.
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